Summary
The process by which unspecialised cells switch on particular genes to become specialised cell types.
In depth
All cells in an organism have the same genome, but differ by which genes are expressed. Transcription factors, signals from neighbours and epigenetic marks lock in a cell's identity. Differentiation is usually stable and, in animals, effectively irreversible without special reprogramming.
A differentiated cell's specialised structure matches its function: red blood cells carry haemoglobin, neurons have long axons.
Frequently asked questions
What is Cell Differentiation?
The process by which unspecialised cells switch on particular genes to become specialised cell types.
Which area of biology covers Cell Differentiation, and how advanced is it?
Cell Differentiation is one of the 52 topics in Cell Biology. It is rated Intermediate, so it suits learners who already know the core vocabulary. Related topics in this area include Stem Cells, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Cytokinesis.
Can you give an example of Cell Differentiation?
Master regulator MyoD can convert fibroblasts into muscle-like cells.
What should I learn before Cell Differentiation?
Work through the Beginner topics in Cell Biology first, such as Cell Theory, Prokaryotic Cell, Eukaryotic Cell, then return to Cell Differentiation. Intermediate topics assume the Beginner vocabulary.
What topics are related to Cell Differentiation?
The closest topics to Cell Differentiation are Stem Cells, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Cytokinesis, Motor Proteins. Comparing them side by side is a good way to see how the ideas connect.
How can I check that I understand Cell Differentiation?
Read the summary and the in-depth section, then use the quick check on the interactive lesson for Cell Differentiation. To practise the whole of Cell Biology, use the Cell Biology quiz.
How is Cell Differentiation different from Stem Cells?
Cell Differentiation: The process by which unspecialised cells switch on particular genes to become specialised cell types. Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and of developing into specialised cell types. Read both side by side and note what each one explains.
How should I study Cell Differentiation step by step?
First, read the summary and write the definition in your own words. Second, read the in-depth section and note any example. Third, compare it with Stem Cells and explain the difference aloud. Finally, take the Cell Biology quiz and come back to this page for any question you miss.