Summary
Permanent changes in the DNA sequence that can be harmless, harmful or occasionally beneficial.
In depth
Mutations occur from replication errors, chemicals, UV or ionising radiation. Those in gametes are heritable, while somatic mutations affect only the individual (such as cancer). Most are neutral, but some are harmful, and rarely beneficial, providing raw material for evolution.
Mutation rates in humans are about 1 in 100 million bases per generation, still yielding around 60 new mutations per child.
Frequently asked questions
What is Mutations?
Permanent changes in the DNA sequence that can be harmless, harmful or occasionally beneficial.
Which area of biology covers Mutations, and how advanced is it?
Mutations is one of the 54 topics in Genetics. It is rated Beginner, so it suits learners who are starting out in biology. Related topics in this area include Gene, Heredity, Epigenetics.
Can you give an example of Mutations?
Lactase persistence in adults arose by mutations in the regulatory region of the lactase gene.
What should I learn before Mutations?
Mutations is a Beginner topic, so no earlier topic is required. Other Beginner topics in Genetics that pair well with it include Heredity, Gene, Allele.
What topics are related to Mutations?
The closest topics to Mutations are Gene, Heredity, Epigenetics, Multiple Alleles. Comparing them side by side is a good way to see how the ideas connect.
How can I check that I understand Mutations?
Read the summary and the in-depth section, then use the quick check on the interactive lesson for Mutations. To practise the whole of Genetics, use the Genetics quiz.
How is Mutations different from Gene?
Mutations: Permanent changes in the DNA sequence that can be harmless, harmful or occasionally beneficial. Gene: A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for making a particular protein or RNA. Read both side by side and note what each one explains.
How should I study Mutations step by step?
First, read the summary and write the definition in your own words. Second, read the in-depth section and note any example. Third, compare it with Gene and explain the difference aloud. Finally, take the Genetics quiz and come back to this page for any question you miss.